What Causes The Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy And Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Some Reasons Why Prostaglandin E2 Can Be Associated With Nausea And Vomiting Of Early Pregnancy And Hyperemesis Gravidarum

To download the document as a .pdf file please click here.

For a shorter version, as presented at our 2013 HCP Conference click here.

R Gadsby   A M Barnie-Adshead

• Introduction
• Maternal Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) ßhCG And Progesterone Levels In Weeks 5-17 From Lmp Associated With Symptoms Of Pregnancy Sickness
• Early Development Of Human Trophoblast
• The Source Of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin From Within Trophoblast Cells
• The Isoforms Variants And Nicking Of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
• The Relationship Of The Start Of Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy (NVP) To The Isoform Of hCG In Maternal Blood.
• The Relationship Of Peak Symptoms And Cessation Of NVP To The Isoforms Of hCG In Maternal Blood.
• Some Functions Of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)
• Hormones, Cytokines And Prostaglandins Which Increase hCG Synthesis Or Release From Syncytiotrophoblast Cells
• The Formation Of Prostaglandin E2 From Stimulation Of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin In Syncytiotrophoblast Cell Membranes
• Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Is Known To Cause Nausea And Vomiting In Early Pregnancy When Used For Treatment To Obtain Legal Abortion In Early Pregnancy
• The Presence Of Prostaglandin E2 In The Early Syncytiotrophoblast Cells
• Hormones And Cytokines Which Increase The Synthesis Of Prostaglandin E2 In Syncytiotrophoblast Cells
• Differential Localisation Of Prostaglandin E2 Synthase Isoforms In Human Placental Cell Types
• Prostaglandin E2 Receptors
• Nausea And Vomiting In Pregnancy: An Association Between Symptoms And Maternal Prostaglandin E2
• Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase Activity In Trophoblast Cells Of The Early Human Placenta
• Why Is Raised Maternal Serum Prostaglandin E2 Not Associated With An Increased Incidence Of Miscarriage?
• Immunology Of Early Human Placenta
• Human Decidua And Decidualisation
• The Presence Of Prostaglandin E2 In Decidua
• Origin & Structure Of Extraembryonic Tissues In The Human Placenta Redman CWG, Sargent IL, Starkey PM, Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 1993
• Endovascular Trophoblast
• Possible Reasons Why Nausea And Vomiting Does Not Occur In Choriocarcinoma
• Clinical Features Of Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy (NVP) Which Can Be Related To Maternal Serum Prostaglandin E2
• Some Functions Of Prostaglandin E2 In Early Pregnancy
• Flow Chart Of The Possible Association Between Maternal Prostaglandin E2 And Nausea And Vomiting
• Conclusion
• Appendix A: Four Short Articles Concerning Aspects Of Nausea And Vomiting
• An Outline Account Of The Anatomy Of Vomiting
• Vomiting Centre Excitation
• Clinical And Treatment Similarities For Nausea And Vomiting Associated With Palliative Care And The Nausea And Vomiting Associated With Pregnancy (NVP)
• Nausea And Vomiting Related To Age, Sex, Postoperative Recovery And Chemotherapy
• Appendix B: Flowchart - hCG Stimulation And Release And Pge2 Synthesis
• Extra Cellular Matrix Of The Decidua And Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis